Recycling Motorcycle Exhaust Soot into Fluorescent Graphene Oxide Quantum Dots for Sensing Ferrocyanide Ions and Bioimaging Cells: A Method for Waste Utilization

Abstract

Graphene oxide quantum dots (GOQDs) with a high quantum yield (50%) were synthesized using soot collected from a motorcycle (petroleum vehicle) exhaust pipe and applied as sensors for ferrocyanide ([Fe(CN)6]4-) ions and as bioimaging agents in a cancer cell line. X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy (XPS) data for the GOQDs revealed a C/O ratio of 2.49, which was close to that of graphene oxide (GO). The synthesized GOQDs exhibited strong blue fluorescence. High sensitivity to detect [Fe(CN)6]4- was reported in GOQDs with a detection limit of 0.46 nmol mL-1, and a strong linear relationship was achieved in the concentration range of 100-1100 μg L-1. The results demonstrate the utility of GOQDs for detecting [Fe(CN)6]4- in a real scenario. The GOQDs exhibited almost negligible cytotoxicity in cells and were internalized within 4 h of incubation, emitting blue fluorescence in the cytoplasm. This suggests that the GOQDs are promising bioimaging agents for biomedical applications. In general, these waste-derived GOQDs appear to be good chemo- and biosensing probes for real-life applications.